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BASIC
RESEARCH IN THE ARCTIC AREAS. 99-05-64196
Agatova Alina Ivanovna Biohydrochemistry of organic matter in the World Ocean. The data obtained during field studies in 1988-2000 has allowed us to assess spatial and temporal variability in concentrations of organic matter (OM) and its major biochemical constituents, i.e. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, as well as total nucleic acids and nitrogenic bases in the Bering Sea and at high latitudes in the Barents and Norwegian seas. A comparison of quantity and biochemical composition of dissolved and particulate OM in boreal seas (the Barents, Norwegian Okhotsk, and White seas) and southern seas (the Black and Caspian seas) is made. In all the studied seas the OM concentrations reveal the maximum temporal variability in the photic layer whereas the maximum spatial variability occurs in the coastal waters generally due to anthropogenic loading and runoff of large and small rivers. Maps of distribution of Corg, Norg, Porg, and the major biochemical constituents of dissolved and particulate OM in all the studied basins are developed. In all the seas the main biochemical constituent of dissolved OM is carbohydrates, however, in boreal seas lipids contribute to DOM as much as carbohydrates. Compared to the southern seas, the northern seas also reveal a large percentage of lipids in particulate OM. The Black Sea pelagic waters are characterized by growth of dissolved Corg concentrations with depth while in the Caspian Sea the largest concentrations of Corg occur in the photic layer. Seasonal variability in quantity and biochemical composition of OM is most vivid in boreal ecosystems than in ecosystems of southern seas.
Study of sedimentary matter balance and geoecological situation in the Barents and Kara Seas. In 2000 the works were carried out according to the plan, offered by the authors of the project in the application. As a result of application of the complex approach, including the analysis of natural data on suspended matter, bottom sediments, currents, abrasion of sea shores and seabed, tracing of technogenic radionuclides fluxes, in 2000 the pre-computation of sediment material fluxes between the Barents and Kara seas through Kara Gate strait was executed. On the basis of earlier collected materials (in 11-th and 13-th expeditions of R/V " The Academician Sergey Vavilov" - 1997-98) the quantitative characteristics of particles flows are received (t/days) and standard items of particle matter by the glaciers of the Novaya Zemlya and river ice also are specified, the circuit of lateral flows was done. On the basis of the analysis of the data and practically all bibliographic material the analysis of geoecological conditions in the Barents-Kara region is executed. The primary accounts of flows of aerosols on the surface of the Barents and Kara seas are carried out, their structure (granulometric, mineral, chemical) was investigated. It was shown, that the role of aerosols in the particle flow on the sea surface earlier considered as small, actually, is rather significant. The results of researches for 2000 are reflected in the collective monography " Geoecology of a shelf and coast of the seas of Russia " (Moscow, Noosphera, 2000, 640 p.), the collection of articles by results of the international conference " Mankind and coastal zone of World ocean in 21 century " (Moscow, GEOS, 2000, 468 p.) and some submitted articles.
Seasonal and interanual variability of the upper layer in the Arctic Basin. It had been produced the empirical and model estimations of anomalies of seasonal and interannual oscillations of the fresh water content and its sink from the Arctic Basin and propagation of river waters under the data of numerical experiments with couple ocean-sea ice and new data. It had been fulfilled the estimations of influence of anomalies of summer influx of fresh water on the characteristics of high layer and ice in the Arctic Basin and on an outflow of fresh water and ice through the Fram Strait. The changes of water structure of the Arctic Basin during 100 years of observations from F. Nansen up to now were estimated. The publications in domestic and foreign issues were prepared. The outcomes were submitted on the Third International Conference on GEWEX (June 16-20, 1999, Beijing)
Study of relation of the thermochaline anomalies in the Àrctic ocean and the Northern Atlantic Temperature and salinity data at oceanographic stations fulfilled in the Arctic Basin, Greenland and Norwegian Seas from 1894 to 2000 had been collected. Comparative analysis of temperature change in the Atlantic Water layer in key regions of the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas had been carried out. It was shown the rise of water temperature in the Canadian Basin is continued whereas its maximum in the main stream was in 1995. First draft of joint with Canadian colleagues paper with this analysis results had been prepared and sent to them and replay with remarks and additions was received. Comparison of the Atlantic Water state during 1990s and 1930s shows close maximum temperatures in the Atlantic part of the Arctic Basin and more high salinity during 1930s in the Nordic Seas. This results were included to the paper presented for publication as an extended abstract of report at the International conference in Tokyo in March 2001. Two couple ocean sea ice models have been developed. One of it had been used for modeling of river water distribution in upper layer of the Arctic Basin. The results were included to the paper submitted to Meteorology and Hydrology Journal.
Reconstruction of mountain glaciations within Eurasia (outside of its tropical part) based on log-term climatic variation Within the current stage of the project there have been done reconstructions of main regime characteristics for the mountain- valley glaciers of continental Russia Arctic (Putorana plateau), of North-East (the Suntar-Khayata Range) and center (Pamir and Tibetan plateaus) Asia as well as Scandinavian ice sheet for various time slices. Calculations by palioclimatic scenarios chosen witness possible abstence of significant glaciation within Suntar-Khayate Range during Eemian interglacial. However, in Holocene optimum the glaciers of this severe-climate region did not terminate, the glacier ELA depression here was calculated to be 100 m. Intensive evaporation from the glacier surface of Pamir and Tibetan plateaus, their small melting and subsequent re-freezing of melt water turned to be stabilizing factors responsible for weakening glacier response on global climate fluctuations. In Holocene warming by the scenario applied the mass balance here was +5-(+15) g/cm2 per year, the ELA depression was 200-250 m. The Putorana plateau glaciation in deglaciation period in the past had a mountain-valley type, the ELA depression accounted approximately to 300 m. Also in 2000 project stage there have been systemized and analyzed much data about dynamics of Scandinavian ice sheet development depending on long-term climate variations: since the Eemian interglacial till Younger Drias. This has resulted in a calculation of new area-values for the land which got rid of ice.
Geochronology of vegetation evolution stages and changes of paleoclimats during the Late Glacial and Holocene in Northwestern Russia on the base of radiocarbon dating and paleobotanical studies of bog and lacustrine sediments In 2000 the complex studies (including palinological, diatomic and radiocarbon methods) of some sediments have been carried out to develop radiocarbon and calendar chronology of paleoclimatic events and vegetation dinamics in Northwestern Russia during the Late Glacial and Holocene. The sediments under study are bog ones of the sections "Dedovo field" (Leningrad province) and "Apatity" (Murmansk province) which all have been formed during Holocene. Sediments' columns along the whole sections (620 cm of bog "Dedovo field" and 165 cm of bog "Apatity") have been analysed in every 2-20 cm by means of sporen-polen, diatomic and radiocarbon methods. As a result, the standard chrono-palinological diagram has been built and all climatic periods have been marked out, the periodization of stages of climatic changes has been established and evolution history of palaeoreservoir which was at place of peatbog "Apatity" during the last ~8500 years has been traced. Paleobotanical, paleoclimatic and geochronological investigations of bog sediments through every 10-20 cm all over the core length have been carried out for the first time in Russia. The data obtained let us to periodizate accurately the stages of paleonatural events and paleoclimate during the Late Glacial and Holocene in Northwestern Russia.
Atmospheric ozone of the Arctic (Kola peninsula): dynamics, sources, losses The effect of large scale wave movements in the atmosphere is investigated for the total ozone content (TOO . It was found, that TOC value variations (quasi-period of 10-30 days) are caused by dynamic meteorologic disturbances near the tropopause. Using the method of decomposition by natural orthogonal functions we obtained statistical characteristics of TOC fields over Northern Europe, according to the data of TOMS device for 1980-92. During the winter season of 1999-2000 there was registered on November, 17, 1999 a polar stratospheric cloud after the launching of two ballistic missiles from the Wh ite Sea water area in the direction of Kamchatka. In order to enhance the data base, regular measurements of the surface ozone and nitrogen oxides contents carry out at Lovozero observatory and in Apatity; continued were measurements of TOC, of the ultraviolet solar radiation and meteoparameters. There were initiated measurements of ozone and nitrogen oxides altitude profiles (jointly with the Institute of Applied Physics and the Institute of Physics of Atmosphere of RAS).
The Paleogene of the European and West Siberian parts of Russia (stratigraphy and palaeogeography) In connection with scheduled discussion and acception of stratigraphic scheme of West Siberian Paleogene in the terminal January 2001, the main part of project was concerned to biostratigraphy of marine Paleogene sediments of the West Siberian plate and Trasuralia. The whole material of the Paleogene subdivision of this areas based on different microfossil groups was analyzed and generalized. The correlation of recently composed and new Paleogene zonal scales of Transuralia and West Siberia based on dinocysts, radiolaria, diatoms, silicoflagellates, foraminifera, and pollen was comleted. The main part is pleyed by dinocysts which are common and widespread over the different lithological structures of the West Siberia region. In the studied sections of Transuralia and West Siberia, the standard consequence of zonal markers and dinocyst assemblages, which traces trough carbonatic and non-carbonatic areas of Peri-Tethys and boreal Eurasia, was found. Because dinocyst zonation is in good correlation with standard nannofossil zones, the set up boundaries of Paleogene stages and series of West Siberia and Transuralia corresponds to boundaries of standard scale. The consequence of three sedimentary sequences reflected the main stages of West Siberia boreal basin development is studied. The lowermost Talitzkaya sequence (Danian- Selandian) is siliceous-clayey, the middle Lulinvorskaya sequence (Thanetian-lower Lutetian) is exceptionally siliceous. They are characterized by common dinocysts, radiolaria, diatoms, silicoflagellates (especially abundant in Lulinvoraskaya sequence), and, in minor extend, by benthic forams, as well as sporadic planktonic forams. During Talitzkaya and Lulinvorskaya stages, the marine West Siberia basin represented the large marine pathway connected Arctic and Tethian oceans. The third Tavda sequence (upper Lutetian-Priabonian) is exceptionally clayey and characterized by siliceous plankton disappearance, sporadic presence of benthic and planktonic forams, and ostracoda appearance. In this stage, the West Siberia isolation of Arctic basin occurred, and its connection with Tethys basin through Turgay passage remains. In course of prolongated study of European Russia Paleogene, the Crimea-Caucasus planktonic foraminifera zonal scale was detalized (29 subdivisions as zones, subzones, and layers against 17 recent items). The boundaries of these subdivisions represent first and last appearance datum levels, which were used for correlation with standard zonal scale. The substage determination was made with regard for evolutionary stages of planktonic forams and palaeoenvironment.
Tectonic Structure of the Eastern Arctic Region The objective of the work is to summarize all available geological and geophysical materials and to do their comprehensive analysis in order to reveal major tectonic elements of the region and compile on that basis a tectonic map of the eastern Arctic region. Field investigations were carried out in Bolshoi Lyakhovskii Island (New Siberian Islands). A great many common-depth-point shooting profiles and gravimetric data have been analyzed. As a result, a comprehensive picture of the tectonics of the Laptev Sea and East Siberian sectors of the continental margin of Northeastern Eurasia have been obtained.The materials for compiling the tectonic map have been summarized.The map will clarify general laws of the distribution of various mineral resources in Eastern Arctic region.
Tectonosphere of Scotia sea by magnitometric, gravimetric and satellite altimeter data During the year of 2000 the following scientific jobs were fulfilled. Modern bathymetric maps of the Scotia sea and surrounding seas were compiled. In there preparation different data sets were used, including data provided by the Britain Antarctic service and the satellite altimeter data. Contours of the resulting map go through each 200 m. Also we have compiled Bouguer and Glenny anomalous gravity maps (with the model topography density of 2670 kg/m3 and 2800 kg/m3), geoid heights map and a set of different anomalous geoid heights maps, including "Bouguer" geoid. In preparation of gravity and geoid maps we have used satellite altimeter data as well as ship-borne gravity data obtained by the authors during the 1998 expedition of the research vessel "Academician Boris Petrov" in the Scotia sea. For the calculation of the topography and compensation mass gravity and geoid effects we have used the original methods based on the 3D spherical Earth geometry. We have compared satellite altimeter data and ship-borne gravity data and we can conclude that the accuracy of the gravity obtained from the satellite data is about 5 mGal for the Scotia sea region. Therefore gravity anomaly maps calculated from the satellite altimeter data can be used for the interpretation from the scale 1:500000 and less detailed. Also we recommend to use for the interpretation directly anomalous geoid heights maps (without converting them into the anomalous gravity). We have developed the methods for such direct anomalous geoid interpretation. We have also selected several regional profiles with the ship-borne gravity and bathymetry data along them and constructed the corresponding 2D lithosphere models. For the interpretation process we have used the original methods developed by us specially for the regions with the poor geological and geophysical information. These profiles cross the main Scotia sea Tectonic structures along the parallels and meridians. We have linked the results of these quantitative 2D modeling with the results of the qualitative 3D interpretation of the anomalous gravity and geoid heights. Now we are continuing with the collection of the magnetic field data for the Scotia sea region in order to reveal the detailed sea floor chronology.
Dynamic of summer temperature during the last 2 millenia reconstructed from tree-ring chronologies obtained for norhern (the East of Taymir and Indigirka-river) and upper (Altay and Stanovoye nagorie) timberline in Siberia The new subfossil wood material was measured to increase replication of absolute 1000-years Altay and 2500-years Taymir and Indigirka tree-ring chronologies. Several floating chronologies with the length up to 1500 years were obtained for Taymir region. These chronologies are evenly distributed for Holocene period according to the radiocarbon dates. Tree-ring width of subfossil larch grown on Taymir during the Holocene climatic optimum 1.5-1.6 times higher than that of trees that grew in the from I and II millenniums A.D and the same period of temperature increase is also well seen from 13C content in tree- rings. The comparative analysis of the near-earth air temperature variations in subarctic regions of North America and Asian continent for the last 600 years has been made according to different sources of palaeoclimatic information. The integral assessment of climatic variations is based on the information recorded in tree rings, lake sediments, isotopes of glacier layers and oceanic sediments. A good agreement in temperature variations, and especially for the industrial period (the years 1800- 1990) has been revealed according to data obtained in North America and Siberian Subarctic. Climate reconstruction throughout the net of Siberian dendrochronological data bank shows a good agreement with the curves of coming solar radiation and volcanic activity. It is preferable to use the net of tree ring chronologies of subarctic region for calibration and verification of global climatic models than the other indirect sources of natural and climatic information. It is caused by their evident advantages: by a high temporal resolution, large correlation with leading mechanisms of global climate changes, duration and availability of a good spatial net. Statistical model of El Nino Intensity prognosis from Siberian dendroclimatic data was obtained. Establishment of such kind relationship between El Nino and tree-ring growth conditions in Siberian Subarctic is important to build global climatic models.
Facial, genetic, palaeolandscape and palaeotemperature recinstructions of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of Arctic Several importatnt results have been obtained. The first are facial-genetic and palaeotempetature reconstructions of Holocene condition in the North of Western Siberia and Yakutia on the base of frost mounds and ice wedges study. It was concluded that mechanizm of pollen spectra formation is different for the ice wedges formed in peats and in floodplain sediments. Pollen from peat ice wedges give us the information about regional pollen background in the early spring because the ice wedges form mainly from melted water. Pollen spectra from the flood plain ice wedges composed by pollen from river and marine water, which penetrated into ice wedges. Tree pollen dominated independently from vegetation zone. Holocene forest line dynamic has been studied on the base of dating tree remains and enrichment by tree pollen. Mean July temperatures were higher by 2-5îÑ. Winter temperatures were close to modern or lower because ice wedges grew intensively in Holocene Optimum. The hypothesis of palynologic control of the radiocarbon dates of organic material from permafrost sediments and ice has been supported. This was verificated on the results of AMS dating of Seyaha ice wedges. Concentration of pollen and spores has been determined in tundra snow cover of Western Siberia. It is about 100-550 grains per m2/year. Study of enzymatic activity has been done in Shchuch'ya and Erkutayaha river valleys in the Western Siberia and in Lower Kolyma for indication of permafrost facial conditions of sedimentation.
Gravitation field of the sea shelf as the basis of 3-D structural-substantial modelling of lithosphere in connection with the problems of tectonics and oil and gas presence On the base of the study for interpretation and reduction of the gravity on the shelf, made according to the Project of 1999, the density and geologic 3-D model of south-eastern water area of the Eastern-Siberian Sea and adjacent coastal land was created. The region of works is located to the north from the Chaunskaya Mouth and spreads to the east up to the fall of the Pegtymel River. The gravity survey on a ice with the scale of 1 : 200 000 was carried out by the 15 geodesic team of the SDGC. The interpretation of gravity anomaly in the class of the block models of the disturbance sources was made by the methods of the 1, 2 and 3 degrees of approach, and after 3-D density model of the area was composed in the form of system of horizontal density horizontal sections at the depths of 1, 6, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 km and vertical sections (latitudinal line and two meridional ones). The guantity interpretation of the gravity anomaly of the land and sea has shown the density increase of the Earth's crust section in the sea direction due to the rise of the surface of basaltic roof up to the depths of 5-6 km. The Earth's crust thickness at the water area is 35-38 km and at the land - about 40 km. The density model has geologic and petrologic interpretations. The interpretation of the density horizontal section at the depths of 1 km could be considered as a geological map of near surface occurences. Elements of the age determination of rocks are mapped at the 6 km section. The density horizontal section at the depths 10 km and more received petrology interpretation. The regional fault along the meridian of 168 degrees of 35 minutes eastern longitude is a western boundary of meridional superlineament, that extend through all Chukotka, Koryakiya, along the Shirshov submarine ridge up to the Emperor mountains in the Pacific ocean. This fault divides the water area into the passive western part of the platform form with the calm gravity, and the eastern active part. The depth of the fault penetration is about 65 km. The general scheme of the block tectonics of the water area with the ciphered depths of the faults and blocks bedding. On the base of structural analysis of 3-D model we can conclude that oil and gas perspectives are small in this region. The works on the given themes have been already finished. The study of the other sedimentary basin- North-Okhotsky- is carried out. That is located on the shelf of the northern sector of the Sea of Okhotsk. Cenozoic sedimentary occurences of the northern sector of the Sea of Okhotsk overlap discordantly various structural elements- underwater continuations of the Okhotsky massiv, Taigonoss folded system, and the Okhotsk- Chukotsky volcanogenic belt. The map of the shelf fault on base of gravity and seismic data is composed. At present the quantitative interpretation of gravity anomalies is carried out.
Investigations of thorough regularities riftogenic processes in the Barents Region, North Atlantic and North Arctic Ocean on the base of integrated analysis of physical fields. Tectonic has been divided into districts for the Arctic Geodepression, where riftogenic structures of different time have been distinguished. Morphological parameters (the long, width and angle of opening, location of the pole of opening, thickness of Earth and some separate units have been determined for these riftogenic structures of the Arctic Geodepression and contiguous geoblocks and carried out comparison theirs with other riftogenic structures. As a result a dependence of these parameters for age, period and intensity of riftogenesis process have been ascertained. The speeds of spreading have been determined for riftogenic structures of the Arctic Geodepression and general tendency of changing for this parameter have been established in due course of geological time. The model of geodynamic processes of the Earth crust has been carried out for different speeds and continuance of spreading. And on this base maximum possible contribution of pre-rift complexes has been estimated in common volume of crust's and supracrustal formations composing riftogenic structure.
Sources and sinks of anthropogenic passive impurities in the Russian Arctic atmosphere 10-year sets of 5-day forward and backward air transport trajectories for three points in the Russian Arctic for each day of one month from each season have been analyzed. The method of estimate of long-term average atmospheric concentration and deposition onto the surface in the Arctic for an anthropogenic conservative impurity have been proposed. In the cold half year, about 40-50% of anthropogenic constituents in the Russian Arctic atmosphere are caused by the Arctic air pollution itself. Moreover, four large industrial regions - North Europe, Kola Peninsula, the Urals, and the Norilsk region -make the maximal contributions to atmospheric pollution at the western and central parts of the Russian Arctic. The North American source-region contributions are always maximal to atmospheric pollution at the eastern part of the Arctic. For the first time, three mechanisms of cleaning the Arctic atmosphere - (1) dry and (2) wet depositions onto the surface, and (3) air pollution transport out of the Arctic - were estimated. In winter, the third process is the most effective mechanism of cleaning. In spring, dry deposition have near the same efficiency as air transport out of the Arctic. In contrast, during the warm half year wet deposition is prevailing process. Seasonal variations in the average atmospheric concentrations and fluxes onto the surface in the Arctic for six anthropogenic trace-elements (As, Ni, Pb, V, Zn ,Cd) have been calculated. Annual average depositions of those elements on the Arctic Ocean surface are less than 1-2% (depending the contaminant) from the sum of emissions of all the industrial sources situated in Europe and in the Asian part of Russia.
A century history of soil climate and permafrost temperature regime in Jakutia On the base of long-term observations of Russian Meteorological Survey there computer soil temperature data base was making. This base include data of 150 meteorological stations of Yakutia with temperature ranges 25 to 60 years (from the beginning of regular measurements till 1992). The tremendous unmatched information is collected for permafrost and seasonally frozen areas in different climatic conditions (tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, step, forest-step and mountains) including different landscapes, elevations, geomorphological levels, etc). The archive "The data of observation at soil temperatures in the meteorological stations (SOILS)" is transmitted to All-Russian Institute of Meteorological Information and Word Data Center. This is the basis of Russian and International Soil Temperature Data Base of Cold Regions in the North Hemisphere. On the basis of soil temperature ranges, as a integral of soil history climate, the annual and long-term regularities were found. It was shown what the soil temperature trends are much more reliable then trends of air temperatures. Because the inertia due to the water-ice phase changes, the trends of soil temperature do not necessarily correspond with the spatial and temporal trends observed for air temperature. Results show the necessity to correlate soil temperatures with conditions of the previous season. The data indicate that the increase in the mean annual soil temperature was mainly due to an increase in the winter soil temperatures, even though summer soil temperatures had an opposite effect. The field researches continued the 20-years regular observations for seasonally dynamic of active layer (as a part of International Monitoring Program in Arctic) and permafrost temperatures in the layer of zero temperature oscillations (20- 40 m depth). These data confirm the stability of depth of thawing and mean annual permafrost temperatures on north of Eurasia.
Reconstructions of glaciers dinamics on North-East of Russia in last Holocene on lichenometry and radiocarbon datas There were conducted field and laboratory study of neoglacial and modern alpine morphosculpture on lock-and-key areas in North Priokhotye and Koryakskiy Upland, as well as ice containing artificial glaciers near the "Kubaka" Mine (Omolonskiy Upland). There were fulfilled the interpretation and geomorphological mapping of the all lock-and-key areas. The lichenometry curves of the using lichens-indicators for different landscapes of the region were plotted. There were dated 30 objects of Neoglacial morphosculpture in the region. The comparison of the results with world data has allowed us to conduct an analysis of chronology of the Neoglacial movements, as well as climate fluctuations in the North hemisphere of the Earth. In the explored region by us established 3 synchronous glacial maximums with modes in 4,5, 2-2,5 and near 0,5 thousand years. On the whole visibility, they are transregional. The results allow to consider, that within the explored areas of the region Neoglacial maximum took place about 4,5 thousand years ago. There was conducted the complete analysis of the construction, geographic and altitude situation of the modern armoured and stone glaciers in different mountains of the North-East of Russia. It was formed the roll of their determining geomorphological signs, which allows uniquely identify the mapping objects. In the region we established 4 types of Holocene nival-glacial accumulative morphosculpture: armoured glaciers; independent rock glaciers; passive ice-cored moraines; the moraines transformed in rock glaciers. The features of each type are listed. The most dynamically active objects are armoured glaciers. The original method of estimation of the surface velocities of the glaciers moving with the help of lichenometry, growing on the debris cover, was established. The estimated velocities of motion the most large and active objects obtain from 0,15 to 1,06 m per year. Their completed exchange of mass occurs through 2-2,5 thousand years. Age of marginal parts of the active glaciers is near 2-2,5 thousand years. All of them are clinged to united surface (level), which regionaly bent in the northeasterly direction. In North Priokhotye this surface from continent to sea cost withing150 km distance is lowerred from 750-800 (Khasynsky Range) to 400 m a.s.l. (Kony peninsula). There was established, that Neoglacial depression of snow borders on the North-East of Russia greatly less, than was considered earlier.
Anthropogenic instability of geocryosystems On a background of geocryosystems typing, based on Pechora lowland territories, scale 1:500000 map of anthropogenous permafrost instability under man-caused change of landscapes and global warming of climate was composed. The criterions of geological permafrost systems (GPS) were: the constitution of rock mass composing a ground layer (by thickness not less then 10, their cooperative ice content, the annual mean temperature and complex of permafrost processes. In addition the types of GPS were clustered depending on thickness permafrost and features of their distribution. The estimation of instability were carried out on the basis of the literary of modern state of GPS, on the results of our calculations of temperature dynamics, thermal state of rocks and on prognosis of sinergetic effects of development of chain permafrost geologic processes. As a result of simulation of thermal processes in rock mass it was shown, that, under the other equal conditions, GPS at the territories with marine climate are more unstable in comparison with GPS at territories with a continental climate. Our investigations have shown, that paragenesis of permafrost geologic processes is an underlying condition for considerable increase of deterioration of a territory by these processes under a man-caused violations of natural landscapes and global wa ming of the climate. We worked out a novel method for computer data processing of temperature monitoring data, which one will utillize both given measurements of temperature in wells, and data of overseeing conditions of thermoexchange on a day time surface. The method a lows to inspect course of the thermal process in researched capacity of rocks, to prognosticate its development in the future and to compare an actual thermal field with prognosticated at any instant.
Climatic change influence on hydrological cycle of permafrost zone During performance of investigation under the project the main attention was paid on development and adaptation climatic and hydrological models to conditions of a permafrost zone, with accent on an estimation possible changes under influence of global and regional climatic changes; to investigation of zonal and landscape features of water and energy cycles on the basis of the analysis of results of previous experience (including experimental investigation) and realization of special field measurements; to investigation of features of formation of underground flow; to investigation of cryogenic hydrological phenomena; to the analysis of the tendencies long-term changes of atmospheric circulation and connected with it regional climatic and hydrological changes observed in XX century; to creation of geographical data bases at a level of large region and experimental poligons with the purpose of using of them for the analysis of network and experimental materials, calibration and validation climatic and hydrological models as well estimation possible changes hydrological cycle elements under influence of global climatic changes. Global climatic model MSU and LAMBLS, model of water cycle of small and medium watersheds ECOMAG and model of monthly water balance were adapted to permafrost conditions. The numerical experiments on hydrological models shown satisfactory similarity observed and computed values of a water cycle elements. The determining role of dynamics of a seasonal-melting active layer on processes of formation of river runoff during spring-summer period was revealed. The model MSU and LAMBLS was used for study of influence of spatial heterogeneity of land surface properties on the heat and water exchange characteristics of an atmosphere with a land surface and on distribution of climatic fields. On the basis of results of numerical experiments on global climatic models (model MSU and LAMBLS, model GFDL) and results of traditional paleogeographic reconstructions of the features of climatic conditions in the Eastern Siberia in the Holocene optimum, Mikulino interglacial and at doubling carbonic gas in an atmosphere were compared. On the basis of global relationships of an annual river runoff with the annual sums of atmospheric precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (with use of the formula of Shreiber) the scale and features of distribution of deviations of a river runoff from its recent values in the Eastern Siberia for the periods of the Holocene optimum and Mikulino interglacial were estimated. The tendencies of long-term changes of atmospheric circulation based on classification of Dzerdzeevsky and their connection with long-term changes of the regional climatic characteristics and annual river runoff of Lena river were revealed. The regularities of interaction of surface runoff and underground waters and role of seasonal icings within Lena river basin were investigated. On the basis of balance calculation for a plain taiga of the central part of Lena river basin the role of genetic components of alimentation of ground water of seasonal melting layer (precipitation of the warm period, snow melting underground ice, and also condensation of a moisture in a zone of aeration) were investigated. The complex of field experimental measurements, including remote sensing helicopter measurements (within visible and infrared ranges) in tundra (Tiksi) and plain taiga (Yakutsk) were carried out. The detailed data on water- and thermophysical characteristics of an active layer, and also data on fields of spectral reflection, temperature and types of a tundra surface were got within Suonannaakh river basin in the main seasons of year. The regularities of distribution of physical properties of an active layer on a vertical structure and microscale statistical structure of their spatial distribution were revealed. Geographical databases (under GIS Arcview, IDRISI, DIOGIN) were prepared for Lena river basin and Kenkeme river basin (meteorological and hydrometric data, soil moisture data, properties of a soil cover, parameters of a vegetation cover, deviations of climatic elements from their recent values for conditions of the Holocene optimum, Mikulino interglacial and for conditions under green house effect. The databases on water- and thermophysical characteristics of ground of tundra and taiga experimental poligons as well as land surface temperature and land surface types were prepared. More than 30 articles were published and more than 20 reports at the international conferences were presented, and also the author's text of the monography was prepared.
Evaluation of a resolution of micropaleontological assemblages in stratigraphical subdivision and paleoceanological reconstructions of the North Pacific Cenozoic Based on changes in the taxonomic composition of planktonic and benthic foraminifers and oxygen isotope ratio in their shells from the upper Pleistocene-Holocene sediments of the southeastern and central parts of the Sea of Okhotsk, main climatic and hydrologic events that occurred in this basin during the last 20000 years were established and dated. Analysis of prospects and ways for detalization of the North Pacific Cenozoic diatom zonal scale is given. A study of diatom assemblages from the Cenozoic deposits of Eastern Sakhalin (the Pilengskaya and Borskaya suites) made it possible to subdivide the lower Miocene sequences at the zonal level as well as to outline the Oligocene-Miocene boundary in this region. Analysis of the Neogene marine diatom flora found in the Alaskan sequences allowed host rocks to be dated as the latest Miocene. Along with the data on mollusks, it suggests an older age than previously proposed for the initial formation of interoceanic connection between the North Pacific and Arctic basins in the Cenozoic. Based on analysis of changes in the Paleogene bathyal benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the sections drilled in the North-western and Southern Pacific, a dependence of taxa rich and diversity on degree of nutrient availability and temperature was shown. A study of the Cenozoic palynoassemblages from the Cenozoic flora-bearing deposits of Eastern Sikhote-Alin' (the Kizinskaya Group) made it possible to reveal two different age Miocene climatic optima - late Early Miocene and Middle Miocene.
Monitoring of the North Pacific paleogeographic changes during the Cenozoic as the reflection of global and regional geological events. The influence of the Bering Strait on the Pacific and Arctic paleoecosystems evolution. Investigations were continued in summarizing the materials on the North Pacific paleogeographic and paleoclimatic changes reflecting global and regional geological events. Paleogene and Neogene deposits of different structural-facial zones of Kamchatka and Sakhalin, which belong to the convergent zone of transition from the Pacific Ocean to the Asiatic continent, were more precisely correlated on the base of previously elaborated stratigraphic schemes. During the last 65 Ma, this region included widespread marginal and shelf seas with predominantly terrigenous sedimentation (frequently the avalanche one). Volcanics are the most significant component of the sediments. Configuration and depth of the sea basins, intensity of transportation of clastic and volcanogenic materials varied under the influence of tectonic and partly eustatic factors. These variations were revealed by monitoring the paleogeographic changes, which enabled us to determine direction and dynamics of different natural phenomena including paleoclimatic fluctuations, sea hydroregimes, dispersal and migrations of paleobiotic (benthic and planktonic) associations and so on. Eight paleogeographic maps and the first time-scale of the geological events were compiled for the Cenozoic of Sakhalin. In addition, the model of Cenozoic climatic changes in Kamchatka and Sakhalin was corrected on the base of newly obtained data. Particularly, the warmest time of the Cenozoic (the early Eocene), when subtropical faunal and floral assemblages spread northward up to 60-62° N, received adequate substantiation. Besides, we began analyzing data obtained on the Oligocene time, which opened the glacial epoch on the Earth, and the Pliocene time marked by several cooling events in the North Pacific. 265 species of marine fauna (mollusks, foraminifers) and tens species of flora, which characterize the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene deposits of Kamchatka, were studied. The work was started to summarize evolutionary trends of shelf paleoecosystems. It was found out that the Pra-Bering Strait connecting two large marine ecosystems (the Arctic and the Pacific) was opened for the first time about 5.5 Ma ago.
Longtime (interannual) variability of oceanological conditions in the Bering and Okhotsk Seas CTD-surveys completed between 1989 and 1999 are used to examine the processes of the formation of the Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water (OSIW). OSIW is located in a density range 26.6-27.55 sigma-theta that corresponds to depths 130-1500 m. Comparision of its basin-wide thermohaline and hydrochemistry properties reveals well-known features of the Okhotsk Sea oceanography: (a) the main inflow of the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) occur through Kruzenshtern Strait, where NPIW undergoes the first stage of strong modification due to tidal mixing to become part of OSIW, and then spreads over the northern and central parts of the Okhotsk Sea; (b) this water replaces OSIW in the western part of the Okhotsk Sea, which is passing through the second stage of modification, mixing with cold, dense shelf water (DSW), produced in coastal shelf polynyas, and which flows to south to the Deep Kuril Basin (DKB), completing gross cyclonic gyre in the Okhotsk Sea; (c) the third stage of modification occurs in the DKB, where the upper part of OSIW is ventilated by Forerunner Soya Water and where its lower part is cooled and oxygenated. Strong tidal mixing in the Bussol and Friza Straits leads to modification lower part of OSIW According to observations the anticyclonic eddies are the main cause of the general deepening of isopicnals in the DKW. It is shown that in the Bering Sea dense bottom water formed in the Gulf of Anadyr in winter during brine rejection in polynyas. This water spreads from formation region in north direction and through Bering Strait to penetrate in the Chukchi Sea. Thus dense water from Bering Sea play an important role in the formation of cold arctic halocline.
General structural features of glaciers in Eurasian Arctic and their reaction on climate change The empirical relationships of volume, area and maximum thickness of the ice caps on Franz Josef Land has been found. It turns out that the general power-law volume-area relation has two branches with different coefficients for ice caps with and without outlet glaciers. Using the measurement data and power-law relationships obtained, a total ice volume of 2,108 km^3+_4.8% on archipelago is estimated, as well as the ice volume change in the last 40 years. The analogue data obtained by airborne radio-echo sounding on the ice caps of Severnaya Zemlya archipelago in spring 1997 have been reduced. New numerical modelling experiments have been performed for ice caps on Graham Bell Island and Wilczeck Land, Franz Josef Land, and surging glaciers on Svalbard. For Graham Bell Island the specific mechanism of ice cap development related with local increase of mass balance on gentle ice surfaces as a result of melt water refreezing has been studied. It might be the case on sea ice in shallow closed bays whtn temperature was by 1-2 degree lower and precipitation by 20% higher then now. Only this model reproduce correctly the shape of present ice cap on some particular transects which supports the proposed possible mechanism of ice cap development. Outlet glaciers of Wilczek Land - Znamenity, Stremitel'ny and Molochny - have been modelled with mass balance, ice and bedrock surface elevation as input to find relationship of sliding coefficients, equilibrium line altitude and boundary conditions at the grounding line, matching the real ice surface. The thermomechanical model of Bozhinsky-Grigorian in Krass modification has been applied to study the development of two-layered glaciers on Svalbard as a result of climate warming.
The peculiarities of formation of the common drainage of the small mountain river in Subarctic (on the example of North-East of Russia) Data of 50 years of hydro- and meteorological observations of the Kolyma water-balance station within the drainage system of the Kontaktovy Creek basin, that represents the small mountain drainage in Subatctic, were collected, systematized and put into the database. The method of separation of hydrograph of regional mountain rivers was developed. All this makes possible to distinguish the underground and condensation components of drainage in nature conditions of Subarctic. Aerial photographs, geologic, geomorphologic, topographic and other maps of the Arctic and Pacific river drainage, the mostly studied from the hydrological viewpoint, were collected and investigated. On the basis of this work, the regularities of the role change of the underground waters as the rivers recharge, depending on the area and altitude marks of drainage systems, their belonging to the basins of drainage of various oceans, and depending on the latitudinal zonation, were revealed. These regularities are under control of permafrost-hydrogeologic peculiarities of river valleys of different ranges and of the regimes of precipitation that differ in Arctic and Pacific drainage systems.
Geology and mineral formation of continents, oceans and transitional zones of the Earth. "Geological-Mineragenetic Map of the World" in scale 1:15 000 000 was compiled in electronic version (Coral Draw 8) and printed in polygraphic form. Four books of text representing Explanatory Notes in different fields of research. Editor-in-Cief: L.I.Krasny. Deputies of Editorin-Chief- I.S.Gramberg; Editorial BoardB.A.Blyuman and S.I.Andreev. The authors areS.A.Andreev, I.S.Gramberg, L.I.Anikeeva, A.M.Ivanova, S.I.Petukhov, A.B.Chernomordik.Scientific editors-L.I.Kasny, B.A.Blyuman, S.I.Andreev. Book 1 ":Geology and Minerageny of continents, transitals and the World Ocean", 292 pp.; section "Geology and Minerageny of the World Ocean" - pp.193-245 - was compiled by S.I.Andreev, L.I.Anikeeva, AM.Ivanova. Section 2 "Mineral resources of continents and active transitals" - 31 p.; Section 3 " Oil resources of continents and transitals, geological and economical appraisal" - 69 p - was prepared with participation of L.I.Krasny and B.A.Blyuman. Âook 4 "Mineral resourses of the World Ocean" - 39 p. - was compiled with participation of S.I.andreev and A.B.Chernomordik under the editing of L.I. Krasny and I.S.Gramberg. Geology and minerageny of continents and passive margins over the main regions: Eurasia, North America, Central America, South America, Africa, Australia; geology and minerageny of active transitals: Asian-Pacific, Australian - Pacific, Asian-Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Caribbean and Scotia; geology and minerageny of the largest impact structures; geology and minerageny of the World Ocean (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian oceans); geology and minerageny of the polar areas of the Earth:Arctic and Antarctic are consequently described in the work. In " Conclusion" an attempt to connect geological-structural, mineragenetic and mineralresource peculiarities of the planet was undertaken. Special attention is paid to the deep inhomogeneity of its composition that determines geoblock structure of the lithosphere and differentiates geoblocks in accordance with their transitional mineral-resource enrichment over he long period of evolution. Thesis about unique character of this megastructure and specificity of its ore producing potential (most part of its products have no similarities in continents) was done. Commensurability of resources between dry land and oceans is proved for the most part of strategic metals (Mn, Ni, Cu, Co), as well as their cost value and availability of their profitable mining.
The cryigenic processes evolution on a coastal-shelf zone of Laptev and East-Siberian Seas The permafrost and geomorphological researches were carried out to stadi the regularity of the submarine cryolithozone top horizons transformation on shallow shelf and dynamics of ice-rich coast destruction. The field work was conducted in the Lena Delta, in a coastal-shelf zone of Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea (Bykovsky Peninsula, Buor-Khaya Cape, Oyagossky Yar, Krestovsky Cape, Oleneksky Bay, Taimyr Peninsula, Shirokostan Peninsula, Anabar-Olenek coast, Svyatoy Nose Cape) and on Islands (Muostakh, Makar, Bolshoy Lyakhovsky, Stolbovoy). The measurments of a shore retreat rate was conducted at key saits (along thermoerosion and thermoerosion-thermodenudation coastline), which are characterized by Ice Complex sediment. The observations were carried out with the halp of the frame ranges, which was created in the previous seasons. The seven nev experimental sites was created along ice-rich coasts. The everage long-term rates and average maximal rates were established for a ice-rich cliffs at key sites. It was determined on eight sites where a retreat of coast was maximal, the bottom of Pleistocene Ice Complex lays under Sea level. It was carried out a reconnoitring geophysical researche. The pozition of a submarine permafrost top was determined by seismoacoustical apparatus on two key sites. The samples (45 new daitind)from natural coastal exposures and from bore-holes were collected for radiocarbon and thermoluminescent dating. It was established a new regularity of coastal thermal terraces formation playing the important role in character of coastal Ice Complex transformation. The total amount of deposits reworked by thermal abrasion and thermal denudation and supplied to offshore is evaluated. The average long-term retreat rates of the coast have been determined for 29 key sites.
Indicators of climate variability and methodology of climate change detection The more accurate definitions of terms "climate", "climatic variables" and "climate changes" are formulated to match the conditions of the climate variability analysis using observation data for the changing climate conditions. The climatic database is compiled, aimed at the analysis of climatic anomalies and climate change detection, assessment of a degree of concordance between the observed and modeled climates, more accurate forecast of the most probable climate changes. Certain results of climatic modeling experiments employing the most sophisticated models used at the preparation of the third report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC- 2000) are included in the database for the joint statistical analysis of data on the observed and modeled climates. New information is obtained on features of the climatic conditions change in Russia in the second half of the 20th century. Homogeneity of climatic time series of precipitation on the hydrometeorological stations of Russia with long records is improved. In the last 50 years a tendency is revealed of the decrease in annual and seasonal precipitation totals (except for winter) for Russia as a whole and its eastern regions. Capabilities of present-day climatic models to reproduce the observed climate and forecast future climatic changes are analyzed. The ways of possible improvement of the climate change projection for the nearest decades are proposed. Principal spatial and temporal modes of climatic variability over the western part of the f. USSR (20-80W) are analyzed. It is shown that for the 1st principal component, which represents the mean temperature of the region, a 10-year oscillation is pronounced, which is closely correlated with the Arctic Oscillation. The 2nd principal component of winter temperature has a cyclical component with a period of 20 years, which has a correlation about with a tripole structure in the North Atlantic.
Role of cryogenic processes in global budget of Greenhouse gases We have evaluated a storage of organic labile carbon in permafrost sediments of the North of Siberia. 700 to 1000 Gt of C are preserved in Pleistocene sediments of this region. This value is higher than carbon content in the atmosphere. Respiration activity of these sediments during melting at anaerobic conditions is two times higher than respiration of the most high-productive modern soils. We studied features of winter CO2 emission. Spatial heterogeneousness of these fluxes is connected with effect of gas convection in soil and in snow cover. This gas convection, in its turn, determines spatial heterogeneousness of temperature field. Using modelling, we evaluated influence of heat emission, connected with biological oxidation of carbon, on thermal regime of soil. The model confermed a possibility of biologocal self-heating and, as a result of this, the permafrost thawing.
Development of detailed stratigraphic scales of a new generation for the Neogene and Quaternary of the Northern Palearctic and North Atlantic. The performed research resulted in the establishment of the geographical extension of mammalian Quaternary zones distinguished for Eastern Europe. Fossil remains of Euchoreutinae and Cardiocraniinae were monographically described. The presence of 13 Mustelidae taxa was established in the late Miocene and Pliocene of Russia, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, and the stratigraphic distribution of reference forms was traced both within the region and in Eurasia as a whole. In the course of field works the material for the biostratigraphic characteristic of a unique ancient ice complex at the southern bank of the Dmitrii Laptev Strait was first available. A great collection of fossil mammals of the second half of the Pleistocene was gathered. A geochronologic database was made up for the Mongolia territory (about 100 K-Ar and 40Ar-39Ar dates). Reference geochronologic levels of the basalt absolute dating in the Cenozoic sedimentary section of Mongolia permitted the evaluation of age of a number of biostratigrapic mammalian horizons. Based on the collected palynologic database for Pleistocene deposits of the Middle Asia, the typization of palinospectra of the Pleistocene glacial stages was performed as a base for the zonal differentiation of periglacial vegetation of Northern Eurasia. The detalization of regional stratigraphic schemes of the Middle Asia at the bio- and climatostratigraphic base enabled the distinction of horizons correlative to oxygene isotope stages of the deep-water oceanic sediments. The study of calcareous plankton (foraminifers, nannoplankton) from the northern half of the Atlantic was accomplished. The work on the investigation of spatial extension of nannoplankton zonal units in the Neogene of the Eastern Parathetys was continued.
Late Precambrian - Early Paleozoic Paleomagnetism and Geodynamics of the Polar Urals During last year four new paleomagnetic definitions for three tectonic zone of the Polar Urals were obtained: Upper Riphean-Lower Vendian volcano-sedimentary rocks of bedamelskaya suit of the range EnganePe (Eletsk zone); Ordovician sedimentary rocks of the manitanyrd suit of the range Engane-Pe (Eletsk zone); Ordovician volcano-sedimentary rocks of harmatalouskaya suit of the Maloural'skaya zone; Upper Devonian volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Nauntin-Nyrdvomenshore zone. The following paleomagnetic evidences have been received: during Ordovician the latitude differences between location of the Eletsk zone (margin of the Baltica) and the Lemva zone was about 4-6 degree; during Upper Devonian sublatitudinal Ural-Arctic basin was located between Larussia and Siberian-Kazakhstan paleocontinents and its was not less than 500 km wide. Based on our paleomagnetic results we suggest the paleogeodynamic model formation of the Polar Urals from Late Riphean till Late Paleozoic time. The model includes six magneto-tectonic reconstructions. Some of them were discussed practically for the first time. First of all its actual for the thesis of forming of the proto-Urals structures in island-arc system that was formed at east active margin of the supercontinent Pannotia and ocean basin located to the east; the over important point of view is about inheritable character of the Paleoural ocean during Early Paleozoic time and its transforming to Ural-Arctic basin at Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous as a result of the differential rotation between Larussia and Kazakhstan-Siberian continents.
Stages of forming and progressing of cryolithozone of Euroasian Arctic Region in a Cenozoic On investigated time periods of a late Cenozoic the link of stages of progressing cryolithozone with development of natural rhythms of different rank is establishe. For continental Asian quadrant on an example of the Arctic lowlands of Northeast the durable existence of frozen stratas (up to 1 million years) is affirmed by design methods, that allows to guess Pliocene age of frozen soils in apart severe conditions of coasts of Polar basin and Arctic archipelagoes. In its progressing they are connected with cryochrones of high ranks to the periods 2,5-2 Ma. For Pacific Ocean quadrant on an example Penjina intermountane area stages of forming of frozen stratas also are reviewed. In the progressing they are connected with cryochrones of lower ranks to the periods 20-100 thousand years (Milankovich rhythms). The permafrost age on design datas is valued less than 100 000 years. For European North of Russia (Bolshezemelskaya tundra and the Arctic archipelagoes) and north of Western Siberia (Yamal) as a result of the held studies are designed paleogeographic and geologic models - scripts in a time period a late glacial - Holocene. At generalizing and analysis of materials utilised paleogeographic and paleoclimatic datas N.A. Hotinskiy and S.S. Sanvina (1988); I.I. BBorzenkova (1992); V.A.Zubakov (1986); H.A.Arslanov, F.A.Kaplyanskaya and V.D. Tarnogradskiy (1986); M.V.Nikolskaya etc. (1989); V.S. Volkova (1989, 1999) and other authors.
Analysis of Quaternary Geology Data for the Prognosis of the Environment Changes in the Russian Asian Area In the process of study the wide geological material had been analyzed with main focus on climatostratigraphical parameters related to the interglacia, continental and offshore deposits which were formed during the Kazantcevo time and Holocene. In Siberia and Russian Far Eastern areas in the sequence of Up per Neopleistocene the horizon or layer related to the Kazant cevo Interglacial is recognized. The main geological peculiarity of this time interval is the presence of lacust rine sediments, peat bogs, fossil soil, and evidence of perma frost degradation (for instance, the development of thermo karst).In the composition of vegetation the thermophylic tree plants are identified. On the Arctic areas the shrub plants are mostly typical. Three phases in the climatic system of Kazantcevo interglacial are distinguished: early warm phase, correlated with oxygen-isotope substage 5e, middle - cold phase and the latest phase characterized by insignificant warming. Many palinological data and representative geological material in the area of Western Siberian Lowland had been used for compiling of some maps demonstrated the distribution of various Kazantcevo vegetation, reflected three mentioned climatic phases. In the southern part of the Russian Far East, particularly in the Primorye area the temperature parameters,in accordance with character of plant association, were differ by essentially higher temperatures, however the sequence of climatic phases was the same. In Holocene the complicated picture of climatic changes was distinguished. Only in Arctic the more stable cold climate took place with some warming in the beginning and middle part of Holo cene. In the Holocene the marine transgression occurred with maximum in the optimum period. The important aspects, related to the climatic changes in Kazantcevo Interglacial and in Holocene is degradation of upper part of frozen ground, the development of thermokarst and thermoerosion of the banks and slopes, activation of decay processes of organic remnants and as the consequences emission of gases, first of all carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen sulphide. The numerous data on climate changes in terminal Holocene in Asian area of Russia revealed on the warming approximately + 2o (paleobotanical evidence, thermokarst). There are also materials that evidenced about the rise of sea level in Arctic and retreat of shoreline. These processes possibly will take place in the near 100 - 200 years. The general trend of climatic changes as well as the duration of each Late Quaternary interglacials (approximately 15000-2000 years) permit to correlate Holoce ne and previous interglacial. The present interglacial probab ly embark on it's final stage. It is quite possible that under influence of technogenic factors, the climate against a background insignificant cooling, in 21 and 22 centuries would be near to the climate of thermal optimum of Holocene. This would led to rising of level of the World Ocean up to the water level some higher than level of Flandrian transgression.(4-5 m). Under such development of events at the continent the change of landscape zoning and character of climate would be occured on the whole Russian Asian area.
Late Cretaceous marine Arctic biota: dinamic diversity, biotic turnovers, communities structure, chorology and seaway migrations. Assemblages of molluscs, dynoflagellates and forams on former collections, and also collected on a sections of the Upper Cretaceous Polar Ural in 1999ã and in north of Western Siberia in 2000ã. have been studied. 12 genera and subgenera of ammonites, 6 genera and subgenera of belemnites, more than 30 genera of bivalves, about 20 genera of gastropods, more than 30 genera of forams, 57 formal genera of dynocists are identified. The significant part of molluscs genera is established in Arctic Region for the first time. Albian stage of Western Siberia for the first time is subdivided on 3 substages. The stratigraphic correlation schema of the circumarctic is introduced on the basis of 2 parallel biostratigraphic scales based on molluscs and forams. The revision of 26 species of a dinocysts of Chatangiella genus - the main for the Late Cretaceous of the Arctic Region - is completed. 3 former synonymous species of Chatangiella have been recoveried. The species Ch. campbellensis was reference to the genus Isabelidinium. One new Chatangiella species has been established. The monographic description of 5 genera and 12 species of superfamily Tellinacea which are a new and before obscure from territory of the Arctic part of Siberia is given. This group characterizes a shallow water environments in Cretaceous seas. The necessity to increase of a taxonomic rank two forams subspecies of Anomalinoides genus from north of Western Siberia up to a level of species and limitation of a stratigraphic range of one of them by Campanian, and another by Maastrichtian is demonstrated. The preliminary analysis of generic and specific dynamics diversity of bivalves, forams and dinocysts during Late Cretaceous of the Arctic part of Siberia has allowed to establish 2 types of bioevents: one is connected to turnovers of structure and pattern of communities at the expense of taxons disappearance, another - with the sharp increase of the number of invertebrate taxons. The traces of the first type of events are marked in the base of Middle Turonian, base of Coniacian, Santonian, base of Campanian and in the top of Maastrichtian. Turonian, Campanian and Maastrichtian events are most significant. Traces of bioevents of the second type are marked by horizons of the phosphatic concretion's accumulation with the rich of ammonites (Scaphites), bivalves, gastropods, marine hedgehogs, dents of selachians and dinocysts. These bioevents are correlated with levels of the change of the sedimentation process and are marked by black shales on Cenomanian-Turonian boundary and a condense strata on the Turonian-Coniacian boundary. These are evidences of the sea level highstanding.
Studies of the drifting sea ice state in the Arctic over the last century and of land ice sheets based on data of the last 30-40 years were undertaken using all available observations. Unfortunately, data on the sea ice state have gaps between several years to a decade, while a systematic study of the thickest glaciers of the Arctic began only from the early 1960s. In this respect, the primary goal of the studies was to reconstruct the full-scale observation series on the ice cover state in the Arctic.The sea ice observation series over the entire Arctic was reconstructed by the know ice cover extent in the Atlantic sector using a specially developed methodology. An analysis of data obtained allowed a number of important conclusions on the dynamics of drifting sea ice throughout the entire 20th centure. To reconstruct the observation series on the state of land glaciation of the Arctic is possible by analyzing the ice cores obtained from drilling the dlacial strata and using the statistical calculation methods allowing relating the evolution of ice sheets to some parameters of atmospheric circulation. Such calculations require a long-term continuous time series of atmospheric parameters. A special archive of daily observation data of H-500 geopotential and surface pressure for the last 52 years was created. These data were used to investigate the processes of melting and sedimentation at some arctic glaciers. The obtained statistical relation will allow us in the future to reconstruct on the one hand the observation series on the mass balance of the Arctic glaciers beginning from 1949 and on the other hand to obtain some probabilistic evolution characteristics for several decades in advance using the developed methods for extrapolation of circulation parameters.
Working out the bases of the forecast of geocryologycal conditions changes in the frozen rocks technogenically polluted by hydrocarbon The literature concerning of study breeds, polluted by petroleum, with the help of geophysical methods was analyzed. It was established, there are no data on study of such soils in a freezing condition, or having been frozen. Item of information on dependence of thermal, electric and acoustic properties of these soils from the various factors is absent in the literature. The arguments, which to the greatest degree should influence their properties, were revealed. The various ways of experimental study of the geophysical characteristics of frozen soils, polluted by petroleum were tested, and the requirements to a technique of their measurement were determined. The data on specific electrical resistance and speeds of elastic waves of these soils for some limited interval of temperatures were received for the first time. The existing procedures of an experimental research of the thermal properties of thawed and frozen soils were modified. The temperature ranges were detected and the procedures of the thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity determination by methods of regular and stationary rates were worked through. The preparation procedure of patterns polluted by oil or petroleum was worked through. The primary researches of hydrocarbon pollution influence on thermal characteristics of model patterns were carried out. The data on thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were received for the first time.
Metasomatic processes of oil reservoirs formation In the year 2000 the main works for the project were done in four directions: 1 - the sampling of kern and gathering of geological and geophysical materials on new objects in the Western Siberian; 2 - the analytical researches of the before preparated kern collection; 3 - generalization of the results of the analytical researching; 4 - preparation of the resulting materials for presentation and publication. The total of this work is establish the lithological anomalies, which are formed as a result of metasomatic processes in the water-hydrocarbon zone, under hydrothermal actions and filtration of brines. The models of metasomatic replace and formation of oil-gas reservoir secondary irregularity were created on the example of some fields of the Western Siberia and the Pre-Caspian basin.
Study of variability and interaction of polar and global climatic processes using a coupled atmosphere/ocean/sea-ice general circulation model Using the MGO global coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice general circulation model (T21L14/L11) preliminary simulations were performed of transient climate system response to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration gradual increase - for the period 1949- 2050. An intercomparison was carried out of transient 20th century polar climate simulations and 21st century climate projections with a set of IPCC/DDC global coupled GCMs under different scenarios of green house gases and sulphate aerosol emissions. A preliminary analysis was performed of Arctic climate simulations with AMIP II atmospheric general circulation models. Using a numerical model of the Arctic Ocean, an effect of the Arctic river discharge seasonality was investigated on the ocean general circulation, its sea ice cover evolution, and freshwater and sea-ice export to the North Atlantic. Basing on existing observational data archives, continuous and homogeneous daily time series (in the electronic form) were created of the principal meteorological variables for the period mid-1950s-1990 for 16 Russian meteostations within the Polar circle. The time series include fully corrected precipitation data.
Isotopic-geochemical investigetions on organic matter of the water mass and recent sediments in the Kara Sea. Participation in the Joint German-Russian expedition in the Kara Sea in September-October 2000. Sampling area bordered on south by 70 N and on north by 77 N. Collections of natural gases, water, water particulate material, phytoplankton and sediments were sampled and onboard invesrigetions were carried out to provide the realization of the project objectives next year. The main body of the expedition results are listed below: - frontal zone of contact of marine water with fresh river water along the transect Yenisei-Kara Sea was detected; - Yenisei fresh water phytoplankton community as well as pariculate material were sampled; - long (up to 6,6 m) sediment cores which penetrated an interface between two acoustic Units (presumably Holocene- pre-Holocene), were recovered; - some geochemical and hydrochemical parameters were obtained on board to compare sediments of the early Holocene and the bottom deposits of the late glacial (presumable); - some authigenic carbonate minerals were revealed in Holocene sediments which seem to be characteristic of diagenesis in the high latitude areas. Study of phytoplankton organic carbon isotope composition sampled in September 1999 in the Kara Sea was performed. Plankton bioproductivity along the Yenisei-Kara Sea transect was very low, and samples were collected only in the sea part of the Yenisei transect. Delta13C-values of the predominantly diatomic phytoplankton were clustered from -25,8 to - 26,7 o/oo. As opposite to Yenisei transect the Ob transect extended further to the southern Ob Bay, where fresh water (S=0,6 psu) was present and a spring phytoplankton blooming occurred. Clear isotopic variation manifested itself along the transect: from -25,1 o/oo in the sea part (S=11 psu) to about -35,7 o/oo in fresh water (S=0,6 psu). Sample of green filamentous alga (Chlorophyta, Rhizoclonium?) was prepared from the bulk plankton sample. The green alga Rhizoclonium was extremely depleted in the 13C and has isotope composition of -37,0 o/oo. The diatoms have delta13C-value of -27,4 o/oo. The difference in the delta13C-values might be resulted from the peculiarities of biological fractionation in different algae taxa especially diatoms and green algae. Ability of diatoms to an active uptake of bicarbonate by carboxylases may be a reason of the difference in the carbon isotope composition of green and diatoms because of well known enrichment of bicarbonate in the 13-C by about 11 o/oo relative to carbon dioxide which is used by the green algae. Particulate organic carbon (POC) isotope distribution throughout the vertical section of two year sea ice floe from the north-eastern Barents sea (FJL-area) was investigated. Stable isotope heterogeneity of the POC was revealed (delta13C variations from -25,8 to - 26,7 o/oo). The data obtained enabled us to conclude that there were two sources of POC in the drifring ice. The first one (the principal) was an allochtonous organic matter with the delta13C-value of -27,5 o/oo. The matter was captured by the young ice at an early stage of water freezing in the shallow water Kara Sea area that was exposed to the river discharge. Autochtonous biogenic material enriched in the 13C-isotope was the second POC source. An intense diatomic spring bloom on the floating ice underside and along the ice margin on the pathway of ice drift in the Arctic Basin was responsible mainly for the ice POC enrichment in the 13C-isotope.
On the influence of orographic waves on the chemical composition of polar winter stratosphere. Investigations of relief characteristics in different regions of Antarctica and Scandinavia have been performed. The meteorological data on atmospheric conditions in these regions have been analyzed. There have been obtained the meteorological quantities that are necessary for the model calculations. The flow disturbance fields above mountain regions have been calculated, including 10 variants of model calculations for Antarctica and 3 variants for Norway and Sweden. The set of basic characteristics of orographical disturbances have been obtained, including flow asymmetry upwind and downwind from the mountains, vertical structure periodicity as well as the role of Lira scale, characteristic velocity of the flow and main wave components of the relief form. The preliminary estimations of the effect of total ozone variation above mountains due to wave disturbances have been performed. The calculation of total ozone variance have been performed for the Palmer Peninsular in Antarctica. The model flow characteristics have been compared with the results of aerosol density measurements performed from the aircraft DC-8 at the altitude of 11.5 km during SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment.
Phase, adsorption and chemical equilibria of phases porous moisture and frozen rocks The overview of thermodynamic methods of phase equilibrium investigations of porous moisture in the frozen rocks was made. The unified method the thermodynamic analysis of phase, adsorption and chemical equilibria of components and porous moisture phases was supposed. There are no analogues methods in the domestic and foreign literature. In this model the unfrozen porous water by structure and energy views is unhomogenious and may be considered as a polycompound solution.The theory, method and software for calculation of frost temperatures and phase compositions of moisture of the different rocks by adsorption and chemical equilibria data (polytherms and differential heats of salts solution) has been devised using the solution thermodynamics theory. Our experimental results and other authorÒs data are in a good agreement. The heat capacities and cryohydrateformation enthalpies of water salt solution of the frozen rocks were measured by differential scanning calorimeter Mettler TA-2000B in the temperature range up +30 to 150C. The dependence of freezing temperature and phase moisture composition for samples change on granulometric and mineral composition of rocks, on concentration and ion types in porous solutions (chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, carbonates) was experimentally established.The theoretical, methodic and experimental results of this Project are published or in press (17 papers), presented in 6 International conferences, the doctor dissertation was advocated and monograph will be published (RFFI 01-05-78083).
The method for assessment of penetration of the solar radiation into waters of Arctic Seas based on satellite data. The method of assessment of surface and underwater irradiance at ultraviolet and visible spectral regions under unbroken cloudiness by using data of satellite ocean color scanner SeaWiFS has been developed. Its accuracy was checked by comparison with data of exact computations and of field measurements in the Barents Sea. It has been shown that the method is workable under large solar zenith angles and typical cloud optical thicknesses. The effects of cloudiness on underwater irradiance have been simulated for typical arctic conditions. The field testing the modified UV-PAR radiometer has been carried out.
Regional variations in the distribution of zooplankton and functional characteristics of the plankton ecosystems of the central Arctic Basin. A species inventory was established and specific composition of zooplankton was compared for the four major basins of the Arctic Ocean (the Nansen, Amundsen, Makarov and Canada Basins) for the entire water column from the bottom to the surface. Comparison between the major basins did not show remarkable differences in the species composition either in epi- or in meso- and bathypelagic. This suggests effective faunistic exchange across the submarine ridges dividing the Arctic Ocean into major basins. The pronounced differences in the zooplankton abundance and biomass between different basins were described for the first time. They were mostly related to the dynamics of the Atlantic water mass entering the Arctic Ocean via the Fram Strait and spreading around the continental slope of the Eurasian Basin. Life cycles and life strategies of the dominant zooplankton species were studied to understand adaptations of the pelagic organisms to the arctic environment. Reproductive biology and egg production rates of the dominant arctic zooplankton species were studied to understand the recruitment of plankton populations and to assess the secondary production of the zooplankton.
Transformation of temporary and long year frozen rocks, soils and vegetation in changing conditions of environment in Chukotka tundra. During working out of the projekt in field the cryo-facial, phytogeographical and palaeogeographical researches were done. We leaded the observation of capacity and temperature of temporary smelt rocks in natural conditions and by modeling of climate changes in cells with open top on the north coast of gulf of Onemen and western slope of Dionisy mountain. Short term of observations does not allow us to get any conclusions. Main results were obtained with palaeoreconstructions, based on cryo- facial analysis of cross-sections, study of pollen spectrum analysis and isotope-oxigene structure of underground ices. Mean annual temperatures defined by cryo- facial analysis methods yielded 12 - 16 ãðàä.C last pleistocene cryochron, i.e. two times lower then ones at this time. Palaeoreconstructions done by isotope-oxigene structure of underground ices of western slope of Dionisy mountain indicated that mean winter and mean january temperatures at end of pleistocene were 5 - 8?C lower then modern values. Such global changes of environment on the range of pleistocene - holocene leaded to global destruction of late pleistocene cryolithogenic ice rocks and, according to pollen spectrum analysis data, exchange of tundra-steppe landscapes with fragments of bush tundra by typical bush tundra with active forming of peat.
Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Pacific Ocean: hydrographical structure and water circulation, transport of mass, heat and salt Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Ross Gyre water masses in the Pacific Sector of Southern Ocean were studied. Ways and rates of spread of Antarctic Bottom Water, generated in the Ross Sea, were detected. A negative anomaly of heat content of Lower Antarctic Circumpolar Deep Water in the Pacific Ocean was revealed for 1992. Frontal structure of ACC was investigated for several meridional sections south of Tasmania and in the east part of Southern Ocean Pacific Sector. Current velocities, volume and heat transport were computed both for separate frontal jets of ACC and for the ACC as a whole. Variability of the barotropic ACC component on the week and month scales was confirmed. Interannual variability in the distribution of Antarctic icebergs in the Pacific ocean was revealed, and a connection of this variability with the El Nino cycles was shown. A version of the computation of large scale water circulation in a rather large Pacific Ocean area including ACC zone was carried out. All the work described was based on the WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) and climatic data. The work was carried out both by improved traditional methods of oceanographical analysis and by the variational assimilation of experimental data into numerical ocean circulation models.
Experimental and theoretical investigations of frequency dispersion of frozen rocks electrical properties In the year 1998 the theoretical investigations of the low-frequency dispersion of frozen rocks electrical properties have been conducted, as well as the processing of earlier obtained experimental data and the field investigations of dispersion at a site near Amderma (Kara Sea Coast). The following results are obtained: 1) The theoretical calculations of the curves of frequency electromagnetic (FEM) soundings, distorted by the dispersion, have been carried out, and the technique of FEM soundings with varied electromagnetic parameter have been proposed to distinguish and take into account the influence of polarization. The analysis of polarization effects on the field curves of TEM and FEM soundings, performed at the certain points, has been done. The investigations have shown good agreement of the estimates of frozen clayey soils polarization properties, obtained from TEM and FEM data; 2) On a basis of multifractal approach and wavelet analysis the algorithms have been elaborated to estimate a geological structure's fractal dimension from the data of geophysical profiling. The algorithms have been tested on the data of modeling of vertical magnetic dipole field over the structure of Cantor set type; 3) The calculation of TEM curves distortions have been made for the model of anomalous low-frequency dispersion, corresponding to the laboratory data of ice and frozen clay electrical properties; 4) The comparative analysis of the results of laboratory measurements of frozen rocks electrical properties and their estimates from the data of EM soundings, made by different scientists, has been carried out; 5) The data of EM soundings and profiling at the site #63, Bovanenkovo gas field, allow us to associate a periodical component in the spatial spectra of data rows with the inhomogeneties of slab ice upper boundary; 6) The electromagnetic investigations of frozen sediments' electrical properties have been carried out at the test site in Amderma, as well as over the underground ice in this region. The dispersion parameters have been evaluated. After the comparison with the results, obtained previously in similar permafrost conditions (Yamal Peninsula), the factors valuable for the polarization characteristics have been established. The processing of field data is not yet completed and will be continued in 2000 year.
Investigation of ozone layer spatial structure in the middle and polar latitudes The simultaneous microwave observations of an atmospheric ozone on heights more than 20 km in polar (Apatity) and moderate (Nizhny Novgorod) latitude in the winter 1999/2000 under the SOLVE program are carried out. The significant variations of the ozone content in middle and upper stratosphere are detected. Variations of the ozone content are compared to satellite data on the total ozone (TOMS, Earth Probe), and also to data of ground-based stations - Sodankyla, Finnland (67N, 27E) (balloon-borne ECC ozonosonde) and Ny Alesund, Norway (79N, 11E) (microwave spectrometer of the Bremen university,Germany). From comparison of our results and data of other stations and satellite the spatial picture of the ozone variations from a surface of the Earth up to height 60 km is obtained. In the end of January - beginning of February and in the first decade of March the ozone lowering of different temporary duration is fixed both in Apatity and in Nizhny Novgorod. The correlation analysis of variations of temperature and ozone on the high-altitude levels from 20 up to 30 km are performed. On materials of observations the article is prepared and is directed to printing. In November - December, 2000 the similar observations of stratospheric ozone (at two points simultaneously) are conducted which were maintained by the expedition grant RFBR (00-05-79018). A quantity of data about vertical distribution of an ozone at heights from 20 up to 60 km is obtained.In the given cycle of observations the diurnal variations of an ozone at heights of 50-60 km for the low light exposure by the Sun of the upper atmosphere (polar night) were investigated also.
The dynamical mechanisms of the annual cycle of the global atmospheric circilation The transition mechanisms of the general circulation of the atmosphere from cool to warm season and vice versa are considered. The study is based on the numerical integration. The evolution is represented by difference charts between successive monthes of temperature and pressure fields. The spring troposphere above continents is shown to be intensively heated firstly in the south (south of 30^ N) and in the east of continents and also in the Arctic. A northward moving of the warming up centers is observed in the east of continents only; the warming up above other regions appears with summer monsoon beginning. The pressure decrease is observed above entire continents. The regions of intense pressure increasing (tendencies) having centers above North Sea, Novaya Zemlya islands and Gulf of Alaska are the main factors of the spring circulation changes that cancel the main quasistationary long wave troughs that have been formed at the preceding season. The temperature and pressure changes in spring and autumn are similar but with opposite sign at first approximation. Although the differences are observed. The autumn troposphere is cooled more uniformly above entire continents. The strong pressure decreasing regions (tendencies) having centers above Greenland and Alaska are the main factors of circulation changes in autumn with definite pressure increase above entire continents.
Coastal benthic communities of Pechora Sea After laboratory investigation of samples, collected during two expeditions in coastal zone of Pechora Sea in august-october 1998 we obtained the following new resultas: a) very high values of microphytobenthos biomass: up to 1,5 kg/m2, for the 50 times higher, than that of macrozoobenthos. b) low biomass and biodiversity of macrozoobenthos at depths 5-17 m Ö as result of unstable hydrological conditions at depths 12-17 m and wave influense at depth < 10 m. At depth > 18 m, in stable hydrological conditions there occured high biomass and biodiversity. c) death of macrozoobentos as the result of low salinity level in near-bottom water layers after extremely strong flood of Pechora in 1998.
Hydrocarbon potential of the Russia Arctic Shelf Tectonic and oil-geological zonation has been carried out within the limits of the Russia Arctic Shelf.Besides the structures of the shelf very promising for hedrocarbons perioceanic structures have been distinguished; these structures extend along the brow of the shelf from the Svalbard Archipelago to the eastern boundary of the Russian sector of the Arctic Ocean and characterized by a considerable thickness of the sedimentary cover.In seismic-geological sections, according to the velocity layers, the zones of catagenesis have been distinguished; as a result of this the elevated and eroded parts of the shelf on which the protocatagenesis zone is significantly or completely washed have been distinguished (western half of the Barents Sea, some parts of the South-Chuckchi Trough). Sometimes the upper part of the zone of the mesocatagenesis is affected by the erosion as well. Partial or complete washout of the upper parts of the catagenesis is responsible for the opening of bowels and accordingly for lowering the oil-gas potential.The preparation of the geological-geophisical data for the estimation of the hydrocarbon potential within the limits of the 200-mile exclusive economical zone of the Arctic shelf of Russia is the result of the given stage of the work.
Glaciation and glacier runoff of the Northern Hemisphere mountain countries under global warmings by paleoclimatic scenarios The possible response of mountain glaciation on global climate change has been estimated with a use of paleoclimatic data referred to surrounding plains and foothills. For this task we applied modern methods for adaptation of indicators of the flat spaces' climate into the mountain conditions. Contemporary methods for the glacier mass-exchange components were also applied as well as an numerical estimate of runoff formation. These methods and techniques were developed on the basis of data collected during many long-term expeditions on Arctic islands, Polar Urals, Caucasus, Central Asia. It has been established that the glacier response on global warming depends first of all on the character of topography and heights of mountain ranges, and the parameters of this relationship depend on latitudinal location and extent form the oceans. Under global warming of 1°C the Frans Josef Land glaciation may disappear, glaciers of Novaya Zemlya will survive in the most elevated part due to lesser melting and larger snow accumulation in the relief forms of Alpine type. If warming results in 3 - 4°C rise it will disappear in 600 years, if in 5°C - completely disappear in one century. Under the global temperature rise of 1°C (Optimum of Holocene) the following changes may happened: the Caucasus glaciation will diminish, the equilibrium line altitude will shift upward at 200 m, summer here will be warmer that may result in mass-exchange and runoff increase at 20%. Within Pamir-Alay, Hindu Kush, Karakoram because of the regional temperature fall at 0.5°C and precipitation rise at 10-20% an expansion of firn areas may take place that would cause the growth of refrozen meltwaters. Glacier runoff will decrease at 15-20% that may result in 15-20% reduce of river discharge in mountain parts of Amu Darya and 10% reduce of Ind rivers' basins. Return to the past runoff volumes and subsequent runoff increase will take place till XXII century. Up to this time marginal and central parts of glacier systems should restore after the degradation in XX century characteristic for prevailing the meridian type of atmospheric circulation. In Himalayas due to regional increase of summer air temperature at 0.5°Ñ and precipitation drop at 5%, the glacier runoff will increase at 10-20% that results in the 10%-growth of annual discharge of the mountain rivers of Gang Basin. The glacio- hydrological characteristics of the glacier systems of internal, high and arid uplands will remain the same.
Cold methane seeps and its role in the ocean carbon cycle The research purposes were quantitative estimation of rates of biogeochemical processes for carbon and sulfur cycles participating in methane utilization with de nova organic matter, carbon dioxide and carbonate chimneys formation. The active methane seep at the mud volcano Haakon Mosby caldera in marginal Norwegian sea (72° N) was investigated. A detailed study, including chemical, microbiological, mineralogical analysis of the pore water, subbotom water, microbial mats and sedements, microscope observation of the carbonates, stable (d 13C, d 18O, d 34S) and radioactive (35S and 14C) isotope analyses was carried out. d13C value of the carbonate carbon from constructions on the sea bottom tells about the methane carbon was participated in its formation. The surface sediments pore waters are enriched by CO |